The semiconductor industry is subdivided: integrated circuits, optoelectronics, separate devices and sensors. Among them, optoelectronic devices account for 7%-10%of the entire semiconductor industry. Optical electronic components are the core of the communication industry, which has the function of light signal launch, receiving, and signal processing.
Judging from the current industrial development cycle, the optoelectronic device industry is still in the early industry, and the market potential in the future is huge. Optical components can be divided into photoelectric chips, optical devices and optical modules. The advantages of alone are doomed to act as a role that cannot be ignored in human history. With the development of human technology, its applications are becoming more and more extensive, and their advantages are becoming more and more prominent. What are the optoelectronic devices?
一、Source of light
1. The common optical detectors of optical detectors include: PN photoelectric diode, PIN optoelectronics diode, and avalanche optoelectronics diode (APD). The current optical detector can basically meet the requirements of optical fiber transmission. In the actual optical receiver, the signal from the fiber is extremely weak, sometimes only about 1MW.
In order to obtain a large signal current, people hope that the sensitivity is as high as possible. It is impossible for an electrical signal to be completely delayed when working, but it must be limited within a range, otherwise the photoelectric detector will not work. As the transmission rate of the optical fiber communication system continues to increase, the requirements of super high -speed transmission to response to photoelectric detectors are getting higher and higher, and higher requirements have been put on its manufacturing technology.
Since the photoelectric detector is working under extremely weak signal conditions, and it is at the front end of the optical receiver, if the noise introduced during the photoelectric transformation process is too large, it will reduce the signal -to -noise ratio and affect the original original. Signal.
As a result, the noise requirements of photoelectric detectors are very small. In addition, the main performance of the detector is required to not be affected by the changes in the temperature and environmental changes as much as possible.
2.The emergence of optical amplifiers The occurrence of optical leaflets allows us to save the indispensable light -electric -electricity conversion process in the traditional long -distance optical fiber transmission system, making the circuit simpler and higher reliability.
As early as 1960 laser inventions, people began research on lithography, but the realistic research was after 1980. With the improvement of semiconductor laser characteristics, the Fabri -Popular semiconductor laser amplifier first appeared, and then the research on the wave -type semiconductor laser amplifier began. On the other hand, with the development of optical fiber technology, the optical fiber Raman amplifier appeared.
In the late 1980s, the fiber amplifier mixed with rare earth elements stood out and quickly reached a practical level, which was applied to the long -distance light communication system of the Ocean. The optical amplifier that is currently used for optical fiber communication is mainly semiconductor laser amplifiers and rare earth metal fiber amplifiers, especially bait bait fiber amplifiers (EDFA).
In 1985, the University of Southampton, the University of Britain, was developed as a bait mixing fiber for the first time. After 1989, the research of the bait mixing fiber amplifier continued to make a major breakthrough. Due to the advent of the fiber amplifier, in less than two years from 1990 to 1992, the capacity of the optical fiber system increased by a magnitude of magnitude.
In the eight years from 1982 to 1990, the capacity of the fiber system only increased by one order. The role of the optical amplifier and the rapid advancement of the optical fiber transmission capacity has shown infinitely broad development prospects for optical fiber communication. The current optical fiber communication system works in two low -loss windows: 1.55mm band and 1.31mm band.
Choose different doping elements to make the amplifier work in different windows. Non -linear development began in the 1980s and made major breakthroughs in the early 1990s. The optical fiber Raman amplifier uses the non -linear optical effect of the optical fiber -the gain mechanism generated by the stimulating Laman scattering effect to enlarge the optical signal. Its advantage is that the transmission line and the amplification line are the same as the fiber. Therefore, the coupling loss of the amplifier and the line is small, the noise is low, and the gain stability is better.
However, because this lithotripidifier requires a lot of pump power (hundreds of millwathes) and a long optical fiber (several kilometers). In addition, the characteristics of the optical fiber Laman amplifier are very sensitive to the polarizing state of the fiber. Therefore, the optical fiber Raman amplifier is currently not used for optical communication.
二、Light -free device
Light -free device is an important part of the optical fiber communication system. Today, optical fiber communications are particularly important. This year, new materials, new processes and new products are constantly emerging, and light -free devices are facing a period of rapid development.
Optical fiber activity connector optical fiber (cable) activity connector is a light -free device connected between optical fibers. It also has the optical fiber with other passive devices, optical fiber and active device, optical fiber and system and instrument to connect activity connection. Function.
On the basis of further improving the performance of optical fiber activity connectors, it enables it to develop in the direction of miniaturization and integration. The integration of optical fiber activity connectors not only increases the function of the connector, but also more importantly, the density and reliability of other devices of the body height, which brings great convenience to users.
The fixed connector fixed connector is also called a fixed -connector or wiring. It can combine the end surface of the two fiber to achieve a connection between the fiber and the fiber. The production method of fixed joints is fused, V -shaped grooves, capillary, and sleeve methods.
The fiber fiber melting machine is developing in two directions: one is to develop in the direction of automatic and multi -functional directions; the other is to develop towards miniaturization and simplification. The full -automatic fiber fiber fiber melting machines are currently universal and expensive. In the future, this model will develop in the direction of improving accuracy, reducing costs, especially increasing the number of connection cores.
At the same time, with the expansion of optical fiber applications and different needs of users, the requirements for fiber fiber melting technology have gradually diversified. Therefore, the development of small and ultra -small fuses has become the second development direction. At the same time, it is committed to research and production of multi -core fiber fiber melting machine and polarized fiber fiber melting machine.
The optical atomer optical device is one of the passive devices that develop early in the light communication. At present, there are four series: fixed, pace adjustable, continuous adjustable, and intelligent light atomer. At present, the market of light atomer is getting bigger and bigger.
Because the fixed light atomer has the advantages of low price, stable performance, and simple use, market demand is larger than variable light attenuers. The market demand is still growing steadily due to its flexibility. The performance of foreign light atomer has reached high performance requirements. At present, some foreign optical device companies are constantly developing various new type of optical atomizocators to obtain practical products with higher performance, smaller volume, and more suitable prices.
The development, development, and application of the passive optocoupler's optocoupler has undergone nearly forty years. At present, the situation of melting tapered device and the gradual development of waveguide devices are basically formed. With the rapid development of optical fiber communication, optical fiber sensing technology, optical fiber CATV, LAN, optical fiber user network, and user access network, the demand for optocouplers will further increase.
At present, the method of being able to produce single -mode optical fiber coupling in large quantities is the melting taper. However, in this method, because the coupling coefficient between the fiber is related to the wavelength, when the wavelength of the optical transmission changes, the coupling coefficient will also change, that is, the coupling ratio changes. Generally, it is 0.2%NM with the wavelength change rate of 0.2%nm. Essence So broadband is an important direction of the coupler.
At the same time, in order to meet the demand for the increase in the number of various optical fiber network users, on the one hand, it requires a high -power light source, and on the other hand, while continuously increasing the number of coupling roads, it will further reduce additional loss, reduce the volume of the device, and increase the use of use Reliability.
In summary, the future optocoupler will be a broadband, integrated, low -loss and accessible device, and should also be based on multi -way numbers and miniaturization.
The optical isolation isolate is a non -eutmic device for light transmission. It has a lower insertion loss for positive transmission light and has a great attenuation effect on reverse transmission light.
At present, a series of devices have produced a series of devices, such as array light isolations, small chemical optical isolations, and some isolation device mixed with filters such as WDM, TAP, GFF. And mass production.
So far, there are many applications for free spatial and polarizing related types, which are mainly used for packaging with active devices. From a practical point of view, the main direction of the development of the light isolation is that high -performance polarizing is unrelated to the online light isolation, high -performance polarizing sensitive miniature micro -optical isolation, and multi -functional light isolation.
With the use of the dense wave score and the full light communication network, the signal exchange on each node is directly completed in the light field, which requires the optical switch. Because the number of optical fibers and wavelengths exchanged on these nodes, this optical switch should be a matrix switch of large -end ports. Therefore, the matrix and miniaturization of the optical switch is an important trend of the development of the optical switch.
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